Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Signs on Face Spots on Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Friday 11 April 2014

Skin Cancer Causes Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Causes Biography

Source(google.com.pk)
Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell growth. There are over 100 different types of cancer, and each is classified by the type of cell that is initially affected.
Cancer harms the body when damaged cells divide uncontrollably to form lumps or masses of tissue called tumors (except in the case of leukemia where cancer prohibits normal blood function by abnormal cell division in the blood stream). Tumors can grow and interfere with the digestive, nervous, and circulatory systems, and they can release hormones that alter body function. Tumors that stay in one spot and demonstrate limited growth are generally considered to be benign.
Cancer cell
More dangerous, or malignant, tumors form when two things occur:
a cancerous cell manages to move throughout the body using the blood or lymph systems, destroying healthy tissue in a process called invasion
that cell manages to divide and grow, making new blood vessels to feed itself in a process called angiogenesis.
When a tumor successfully spreads to other parts of the body and grows, invading and destroying other healthy tissues, it is said to have metastasized. This process itself is called metastasis, and the result is a serious condition that is very difficult to treat.
How cancer spreads - scientists reported in Nature Communications (October 2012 issue) that they have discovered an important clue as to why cancer cells spread. It has something to do with their adhesion (stickiness) properties. Certain molecular interactions between cells and the scaffolding that holds them in place (extracellular matrix) cause them to become unstuck at the original tumor site, they become dislodged, move on and then reattach themselves at a new site.
The researchers say this discovery is important because cancer mortality is mainly due to metastatic tumors, those that grow from cells that have traveled from their original site to another part of the body. Only 10% of cancer deaths are caused by the primary tumors.
The scientists, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, say that finding a way to stop cancer cells from sticking to new sites could interfere with metastatic disease, and halt the growth of secondary tumors.
In 2007, cancer claimed the lives of about 7.6 million people in the world. Physicians and researchers who specialize in the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer are called oncologists.
Malignant cells are more agile than non-malignant ones - scientists from the Physical Sciences-Oncology Centers, USA, reported in the journal Scientific Reports (April 2013 issue) that malignant cells are much “nimbler” than non-malignant ones. Malignant cells can pass more easily through smaller gaps, as well as applying a much greater force on their environment compared to other cells.
Professor Robert Austin and team created a new catalogue of the physical and chemical features of cancerous cells with over 100 scientists from 20 different centers across the United States.
The authors believe their catalogue will help oncologists detect cancerous cells in patients early on, thus preventing the spread of the disease to other parts of the body.
Prof. Austin said "By bringing together different types of experimental expertise to systematically compare metastatic and non-metastatic cells, we have advanced our knowledge of how metastasis occurs."
What causes cancer?
Cancer is ultimately the result of cells that uncontrollably grow and do not die. Normal cells in the body follow an orderly path of growth, division, and death. Programmed cell death is called apoptosis, and when this process breaks down, cancer begins to form. Unlike regular cells, cancer cells do not experience programmatic death and instead continue to grow and divide. This leads to a mass of abnormal cells that grows out of control.
What is cancer? - Video
A short, 3D, animated introduction to cancer. This was originally created by BioDigital Systems and used in the Stand Up 2 Cancer telethon.

Skin Cancer Causes Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Causes Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Causes Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Causes Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Causes Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Causes Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Causes Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Causes Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Causes Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Causes Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Causes Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

What Skin Cancer Looks Like Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

What Skin Cancer Looks Like Biography

Source(google.com.pk)
A risk factor is anything that affects a person's chance of getting a disease such as cancer. Different cancers have different risk factors. Some risk factors, like smoking, can be controlled. Others, like a person's age or family history, can't be changed.
But risk factors don't tell us everything. Having a risk factor, or even many risk factors, does not mean that you will get the disease. And many people who get the disease may not have had any known risk factors. Even if a person with basal or squamous cell skin cancer has a risk factor, it is often very hard to know what part that risk factor may have played in getting the cancer.
These are risk factors for basal and squamous cell skin cancer:
Ultraviolet (UV) light
Sunlight is the main source of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which can damage the genes in your skin cells. UV light is thought to be the major risk factor for most skin cancers. Tanning lamps and booths are another source of UV radiation. People with high levels of exposure to UV light are at greater risk for skin cancer.
The amount of UV exposure depends on the strength of the light, how long the skin was exposed, and whether the skin was covered with clothing and sunscreen. Many studies show that being exposed to a lot of sun when you are young is an added risk factor.
People who live in places with year-round, bright sunlight have a higher risk. For example, the risk of skin cancer is twice as high in Arizona compared to Minnesota. The highest rate of skin cancer in the world is in Australia. Spending a lot of time outdoors without covering your skin and using sunscreen increases your risk.
Fair skin
The risk of skin cancer is much higher for whites than for dark-skinned African Americans or Hispanics. This is because melanin helps protect against UV radiation. People with dark skin have more melanin. People with fair (light-colored) skin that freckles or burns easily are at extra high risk.
Older age
The risk of basal and squamous cell skin cancers goes up as people get older. Older people have been exposed to the sun for a longer time. Still, these cancers are now being seen in younger people too, probably because they are spending more time in the sun without protecting their skin.
Men
Men are 2 times as likely as women to have basal cell cancers and about 3 times as likely to have squamous cell cancers of the skin. This could be because they spend more time in the sun.
Chemicals
Exposure to large amounts of arsenic increases the risk of skin cancer. Arsenic is a heavy metal used to make some insecticides. It is also found in well water in some areas. Workers exposed to industrial tar, coal, paraffin, and certain types of oil may have an increased risk, too.
Radiation
People who have had radiation treatment have a higher risk of getting skin cancer in the area that was treated. This can be a problem for children who have had cancer treatment.
Having had a skin cancer
Anyone who has had one keratinocyte cancer has a much higher chance of having another one.
Certain long-term or severe skin problems
Scars from bad burns, areas of skin over bad bone infections, and skin damaged by certain skin diseases are more likely to develop skin cancer, but this risk is fairly small.
Psoriasis treatment
Some patients with psoriasis (a long-lasting inflammatory skin disease) are treated with psoralen and ultraviolet light treatments (PUVA). This can increase their risk of getting squamous cell skin cancer, and maybe other skin cancers, too.
Family diseases
Xeroderma pigmentosum: This very rare disease makes the skin less able to repair sun damage. This disease tends to run in families. People with this disease get many skin cancers, sometimes starting in childhood.
Basal cell nevus syndrome: This rare condition is present at birth. It causes some people to have many basal cell cancers. It often runs in families.
Weakened immune system
People with weak immune systems are more likely to develop non-melanoma skin cancer. For instance, people who have had an organ transplant often take medicines to weaken the immune system so that the body cannot reject the organ. These people are more likely to develop non-melanoma skin cancer. Skin cancers in people with weak immune systems tend to grow faster and are more likely to be fatal.
HPV infection
A small number of skin cancers seem to be linked to infection with human papilloma virus (HPV). This group of viruses can cause warts. The warts are different from the common type of warts that people get on their hands and feet. The HPV-related warts are often in the genital area and around the anus. They are linked to skin cancers in these areas.
Smoking
Smoking is a risk factor for squamous cell skin cancer, but it is not a known risk for basal cell cancer.
Genetics
Scientists have found that certain people are more likely than others to develop skin cancer after sun exposure. In these people, certain parts of the normal cells are more sensitive to being damaged by sunlight.
Source: American Cancer Society. (2010). Overview: Skin Cancer – Basal and Squamous Cell. Retrieved May 16, 2010, from http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/CRI_2_1x.asp?rnav=criov&dt=51
What Causes Melanoma Skin Cancer?
We do not yet know exactly what causes melanoma skin cancer. But we do know that certain risk factors are linked to this disease. A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease. Different cancers have different risk factors. Some risk factors, like smoking, can be controlled. Others, like a person's age or family history, can't be changed.
But risk factors don't tell us everything. Having a risk factor, or even several risk factors, does not mean that you will get the disease. And many people who get the disease may not have any known risk factors. Even if a person with melanoma has a risk factor, it is often very hard to know how much that risk factor may have contributed to the cancer.
Risk factors for melanoma skin cancer
UV (ultraviolet) light
Too much exposure to UV radiation is thought to be the biggest risk factor for most melanomas. The main source of UV light is the sun. Tanning lamps and booths are also sources of UV light. People with high levels of exposure to UV light are at greater risk for all types of skin cancer.
The amount of UV exposure depends on the strength of the light, how long the skin was exposed, and whether the skin was covered with clothing and sunscreen. Many studies have linked melanoma in the trunk, legs, and arms to frequent sunburns (especially in childhood).
Moles
A mole (the medical name is nevus) is a benign (not cancer) skin tumor. Certain types of moles increase a person's chance of getting melanoma. The chance of any single mole turning into cancer is very low. But a person who has many moles is more likely to develop melanoma. These people should have very thorough skin exams by a skin doctor (dermatologist). Many doctors suggest that they should also look at their own skin every month. Good sun protection is always important.
Fair skin
The risk of melanoma is more than 10 times higher for whites than for African Americans. Whites with fair skin, freckles, or red or blond hair have a higher risk of melanoma. Red-haired people have the highest risk.
Family history of melanoma
Around 10% of people with melanoma have a close relative (mother, father, brother, sister, child) with the disease. This could be because the family tends to spend more time in the sun, or because the family members have fair skin, or both. Less often, it is because of a gene change (mutation) along with sun exposure.
People with a strong family history of melanoma should do these things:
    Have regular skin exams by a skin doctor (dermatologist)
    Learn to look at their own skin and know what it should look like
    Be very careful about sun exposure
Having had melanoma in the past
A person who has already had melanoma has a higher risk of getting another one.
Weak immune systems
People who have been treated with medicines that suppress the immune system, such as transplant patients, have an increased risk of developing melanoma.
Age
Melanoma is more likely to happen in older people. But it is a cancer that is also found in younger people. In fact, it is one of the most common cancers in people under 30.

What Skin Cancer Looks Like Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

What Skin Cancer Looks Like Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

What Skin Cancer Looks Like Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

What Skin Cancer Looks Like Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

What Skin Cancer Looks Like Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

What Skin Cancer Looks Like Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

What Skin Cancer Looks Like Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

What Skin Cancer Looks Like Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

What Skin Cancer Looks Like Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Face Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Face Biography

Source(google.com.pk)
The Wilmot Cancer Center provides the most extensive skin cancer team in the region.
For many types of skin cancer, you will only need to see one of our dermatologists. But for more serious or rare types of skin cancer, you will require the care of a multidisciplinary team. That team may include doctors from the following specialties:
Dermatologist is a doctor who specializes in disorders of the skin, including all types of skin cancer. Your dermatologist may treat your skin cancer or may help in assembling the team of doctors you need for your care.
Dermatopathologist is a specialist in examining tissue samples from the skin to diagnose skin cancer and other dermatologic conditions.
Facial plastic surgeon is a surgeon who specializes in reconstruction of the face, including the nose, lips and ears.
Medical oncologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing cancer and then treating it with chemotherapy.
Mohs surgeon is a specialist in a surgical technique for removing skin cancers layer by layer, helping minimize damage to healthy skin while ensuring complete removal of the cancer.
Ocular plastic surgeon is a specialist in plastic surgery on the eyelids and the area surrounding the eyes.
Otolaryngologist is a specialist in disorders of the ear, nose and throat.
Radiation oncologists treat skin cancer with radiation, most often in patients where surgery is not an option.
Dermatology
Alice Pentland
Alice Pentland, MD is Chair of the Department of Dermatology and the James H. Sterner Professor in Dermatology. Dr. Pentland received her medical degree from the University of Michigan Medical School. She then performed a fellowship in Dermatology at Washington University School of Medicine. Full bio.
Lisa Beck
Lisa Beck, MD is a Professor in the Department of Dermatology and in the Department of Medicine, Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology. She received her medical degree from Stony Brook University Health Sciences School of Medicine and completed a residency in Dermatology at Duke University Medical Center. Full bio.
Elaine Gilmore
Elaine Gilmore, MD, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Dermatology. Dr. Gilmore received her MD and PhD from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She then performed a residency and fellowship in Dermatology at Yale New Haven Hospital. Full bio.
Mary Mercurio
Mary Gail Mercurio, MD is a Professor in the Department of Dermatology and in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. She earned her medical degree from the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. Dr. Mercurio then completed a residency in Dermatology at University Hospitals of Cleveland. Full bio.
Arthur Papier
Arthur Papier, MD is an Associate Professor in the Department of Dermatology and in the Department of Medical Informatics. Dr. Papier earned his medical degree from the University of Vermont College of Medicine. He then performed a residency in Dermatology at Strong Memorial Hospital. Full bio.
Brian Poligone
Brian Poligone, MD, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Dermatology and at the Wilmot Cancer Center. He earned his medical degree and a PhD in genetics from the University of North Carolina School of Medicine. Dr. Poligone then completed a residency and fellowship in Dermatology at Yale New Haven Hospital. Full bio.
Francisco Tausk
Francisco Tausk, MD is a Professor in the Department of Dermatology and in the Department of Psychiatry. Dr. Tausk received his medical degree from Arg-Fac Medical University, Buenos Aires. He then completed a fellowship in Dermatology at University of California Medical Center. Full bio
Dermatopathology
Glynis Scott
Glynis Scott, MD is a Professor in the Department of Dermatology and at the Wilmot Cancer Center. Dr. Scott earned her medical degree from Albany Medical College. She then completed a fellowship in Dermatopathology at Yale New Haven Hospital. Full bio.
Mohs Surgery
Mark Brown
Marc Brown, MD is a Professor in the Department of Dermatology and at the Wilmot Cancer Center. Dr. Brown earned his medical degree from Georgetown University School of Medicine. He then performed a fellowship in Cutaneous Oncology and Surgery at University of Michigan Hospitals. Full bio.
Sherrif Ibrahim
Sherrif Ibrahim, MD, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Dermatology and at the Wilmot Cancer Center. Dr. Ibrahim earned his medical degree and a PhD in Molecular Biotechnology from the University of Washington. He them completed a fellowship in Cutaneous Oncology and Surgery at the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center. Full bio.
Facial Plastic Surgery
Timothy Doerr
Tim Doerr, MD is an Associate Professor in the Department of Otolaryngology. Dr. Doerr earned his medical degree from Wayne State University School of Medicine. He then completed a fellowship in Facial Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery at University of Michigan Medical Center. Full bio.
Plastic Surger
Howard Langstein
Howard Langstein, MD is a Professor in the Department of Surgery, Plastic Surgery. Dr. Langstein earned his medical degree at New York University School of Medicine. He then performed residencies in Surgery at Bellevue Hospital Center and New York University Langone Medical Center. Full bio
Surgical Oncology
Eva Galka
Eva Galka, MD is an Assistant Professor of Surgery, Oncology. She earned her medical degree at Dartmouth Medical School. Dr. Galka then completed a fellowship in Surgical Oncology at University of Chicago Hospitals. Full bio.
James Peacock, MD is a Professor in the Department of Surgery and at the Wilmot Cancer Center. He received his medical degree from Tulane University School of Medicine. Dr. Peacock also completed a fellowship in Surgical Oncology at the National Cancer Institute. Full bio
Hematology Oncology
Deepak Sahasrabudhe
Deepak Sahasrabudhe, MD is a Professor in the Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology. Dr. Sahasrabudhe earned his MBBS degree (equivalent of MD in the US) from the T N Medical College, University of Bombay in India. He completed residency in Internal Medicine at the Albany Medical Center. After that he completed a fellowship in Hematology/Oncology at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine in Chapel Hill, NC. He was a Wilmot Cancer Research Fellow at the University of Rochester before joining the faculty. Full bio
Radiation Oncology
Louis Constine
Louis S. Constine, MD is a Professor in the Department of Radiation Oncology. He earned his medical degree at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Dr. Constine then completed a fellowship in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and his residency in Radiation Oncology at Stanford University Medical Center. Full bio.
Kenneth Usuki
Kenneth Y. Usuki, MD is an Assistant Professor of Clinical in the Department of Radiation Oncology. He earned his medical degree from Jefferson Medical College. Dr. Usuki then completed a residency in Radiation Oncology at Strong Memorial Hospital. Full bio.
Otolaryngology
Matthew Miller
Matthew Miller, MD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Otolaryngology and the Department of Neurosurgery. He earned his medical degree at SUNY Upstate Medical University and completed a fellowship in head and neck oncologic surgery at Ohio State University. Full bio.
Paul van der Sloot
Paul G. van der Sloot, MD is an Associate Professor in the Department of Otolaryngology. He received his medical degree from the University of Calgary. He then completed a fellowship at Vanderbilt University in head and neck oncologic surgery, microvascular reconstruction and cranial base surgery.

Skin Cancer Face Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Face Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Face Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Face Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Face Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Face Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Face Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Face Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Face Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancer Face Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancers Pictures Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancers Pictures Biography

Source(google.com.pk)

Skin cancer is the most common malignancy among Caucasians. It represents approximately 20-30% of all neoplasms in Caucasians and 1-2% in those with colored skin [1]. Skin cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Albinos who develop premalignant and malignant lesions at a younger age and suffer from advanced skin cancers in the third to fourth decade of life [2,3].
Albinism is a genetically inherited disorder with a worldwide distribution. Phenotypically it presents with reduced or no melanin in the hair, the skin and the eyes [4]. Genetically albinism is classified into four types according to the type of gene mutation [4]. Oculocutaneous albinism type II (OCAII) is the most common type of albinism in Africa [4]. The prevalence is estimated to range from 1 in 15,000 in the East-Central State of Nigeria [2] to 1 in 1,000 in the Tonga tribe of Zimbabwe [5]. The prevalence in Tanzania is estimated to be 1 in 2,500 inhabitants [3]. The lack of melanin and exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation increase the risk of developing skin cancer. The lack of melanin in Albinos increases the risk of developing skin cancer by 1,000 fold as compared with the general African population [6]. The aim of this study was to determine the common type of skin cancers and if there is an increase in prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma using biopsies and excisions from Albinos.
Methods
This study was conducted at the Regional Dermatology Training Center (RDTC) at the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center. This is a referral hospital for skin diseases in Northern Tanzania with a catchment area population extending to the neighboring countries. This was a retrospective study covering a period of 10 years (from 2002 to 2011). All files of patients who were biopsied or whose tumors had been excised and submitted for histopathological examination were retrieved and a structured data collection tool was used to extract the data. Data was entered into a statistical package for social scientists (SPPSS Chicago Inc.) for descriptive analysis. Ethical clearance was waived by the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College Ethical Committee. All slides were examined by a dermatopathologist. In case the slides were missing or damaged, new slides were prepared from the stored blocks.
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was classified in three categories according to the most poorly differentiated site within each specimen [7]:
Well differentiated: Squamous epithelium with easily recognizable and abundant keratinization. Nuclear and cellular pleomorphism is minimal while mitotic figures are few and basally located.
Moderately differentiated: Structural disorganization of squamous epithelium with pronounced pleomorphism and more mitotic figures. Keratinization is limited to keratin pearls.
Poorly differentiated: Anaplastic tumor with foci of keratinization or originating from the surface epithelium.
Results
A total of 134 histological biopsies from 86 patients were reviewed. The biopsies were from almost equal number of each gender with a male to female ratio of 1:1.1. The youngest patient with skin cancer was aged 18 years and the oldest was 68 years (median age was 34 years) with a mean of 35.5 years (SD ±19.5). The duration of skin cancer ranged from 3 months to 120 months with a mean of 14.1 months (SD ± 19.5). However, the duration of skin cancer was not indicated in 28 files. The head and neck was affected in 75 (56.0%) cases while the trunk and the extremities were affected in 40 (30%) and 19 (14%) patients respectively. The tumors were ulcerated in 39 (29%) patients. Some patients presented with multiple ulcerated tumours as shown on Figure 1. The most common (53.7%) tumor was SCC and only one acral lentiginous melanoma was reported. The majority (55.6%) of the SCC were well differentiated, whereas nodular basal cell carcinoma (BCC) shown in Figure 2 was the most predominant (73.8%) type. The ratio of BCC to SCC was 1:1.2 as shown in Table 1. The specimen of melanoma represented a small part of a large tumour and therefore the Clark level and Breslow thickness could not be determined.
thumbnailFigure 1. Showing supraorbital ulcerated, nodular basal cell carcinoma and an ulcerated preauricular squamous cell carcinoma in a 23 years old African albino.
thumbnailFigure 2. Histological picture showing a section of a nodular basal cell carcinoma (Hematoxylin and eosin, x10).
Table 1. Characteristics of 134 skin cancers from biopsies and excisions in Albinos
Discussion
This study is the largest histological review of skin cancers in African albinos. Previous studies reported results from small sample size with the largest study involving 64 cases (8). Albinos living close to the equator develop sun damage earlier in life because of lack of sun protection and they develop premalignant and malignant tumors by the second decade of life. Previous studies from Nigeria [2] and Tanzania [3] reported that only a few Albinos survived beyond 30 years. However, the findings from this study showed a mean age of 35 years (SD ± 10.6) representing an increase in the survival rate, which could be due to improved awareness and early management of skin cancer in general, and in particular this could be a positive consequence of the ongoing Albino outreach program in the RDTC since 1993.
All the tumors were non- melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) except for one case of melanoma. This overwhelming predominance of NMSCs over melanoma has also been observed in Caucasians. The incidence of NMSCs is reported to be 18 - 20 times that of malignant melanoma [8]. Non- melanoma skin cancers mainly affect older individuals, while the frequency of melanoma peaks at 20-45 years [8]. The age of the majority of the patients in this study was within the peak age for melanoma, but much lower for NMSCs. This observation indicates that melanoma is rare in Albinos, a finding that has also been reported in other studies [9,10]. The relationship between the exposure to ultraviolet radiation and the risk for developing melanoma is not clear-cut and the incidence rates relate to the latitude to a lesser extent than that for NMSCs [11]. The complex association between the exposure to ultraviolet radiation and other factors including genetic factors may explain the low melanoma incidence.
The majority of NMSCs in Caucasians are BCCs and SCCs. The incidence of BCCs is estimated to be 4 times higher than that for SCCs [12]. In contrast to this study, there were more SCCs than BCCs with BCCs to SCCs ratio of 1:1.2. Previous studies have reported the predominance of SCCs in Albinos with SCCs occurring 3 - 6 times more than BCCs [9,10,13-15]. The relatively high predominance of SCCs over BCCs in those studies could have been due to the small sample sizes in which four studies had less than 20 patients. Those studies were also based on excisional biopsies from advanced tumors, whereas biopsies in this study were obtained from patients undergoing routine dermatological examination and advanced tumors. The slowly growing small BCC may have been missed in previous studies. High cumulative dose of ultraviolet radiation is associated with the development of SCCs. The incidence of SCCs doubles for every 8-10 degrees decline in the latitude with the maximum incidence at the equator [8]. The ultraviolet dose per unit time at the equator is about 200% of that in Europe or Northern USA [16].
Skin cancers generally develop at body sites exposed to ultraviolet radiation [9,10,12]. A significant number (40) of skin tumors occurred on the trunk. The hot weather conditions and the farming activities in this community limit the use of proper sun protective clothing, which may increase the incidence of skin cancers on the otherwise sun protected areas.
The mean duration of skin cancer before seeking medical care of 14.4 months was almost similar to the 17.9 months reported by Alexander and Henschke [15] 30 years ago. The delay in seeking medical treatment for skin cancer of a mean of 26 months was also reported in Nigeria [13]. Albinos also face social discrimination [17] and have difficulties in formal education because of poor eyesight [5]. Poverty, illiteracy and social discrimination contribute in the delay to seek medical care especially for skin cancer. This study was based on biopsies or tumor excisions that underwent histopathological examination. However, tumors that were excised, but not submitted for histopathological examination or not biopsied were missed. Therefore, this study may be biased.

Skin Cancers Pictures Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancers Pictures Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancers Pictures Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancers Pictures Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancers Pictures Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancers Pictures Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancers Pictures Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancers Pictures Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancers Pictures Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Skin Cancers Pictures Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Treatments For Skin Cancer Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics

Treatments For Skin Cancer Biography

Source (google.com.pk )
Squamous cell carcinomas detected at an early stage and removed promptly are almost always curable and cause minimal damage. However, left untreated, they eventually penetrate the underlying tissues and can become disfiguring. A small percentage even metastasize to distant tissues and organs and can become fatal. Therefore, any suspicious growth should be seen by a physician without delay. A tissue sample (biopsy) will be examined under a microscope to arrive at a diagnosis. If tumor cells are present, treatment is required.
Fortunately, there are several effective ways to eradicate squamous cell carcinoma. The choice of treatment is based on the type, size, location, and depth of penetration of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and general health.
Treatment can almost always be performed on an outpatient basis in a physician's office or at a clinic. A local anesthetic is used during most surgical procedures. Pain or discomfort is usually minimal with most techniques, and there is rarely much pain afterwards.
Mohs Micrographic Surgery
Using a scalpel or curette (a sharp, ring-shaped instrument), the physician removes the visible tumor with a very thin layer of tissue around it. This layer is immediately checked under a microscope thoroughly. If tumor is still present in the depths or peripheries of this surrounding tissue, the procedure is repeated until the last layer viewed under the microscope is tumor-free. Mohs saves the greatest amount of healthy tissue, appears to reduce the rate of local recurrence, and has the highest overall cure rate — about 94-99 percent — of any treatment for squamous cell carcinoma. It is frequently used on tumors that have recurred, are poorly demarcated, or are in hard-to-treat, critical areas around the eyes, nose, lips, and ears, as well as the neck, hands and feet. After removal of the skin cancer, the wound may be allowed to heal naturally or be reconstructed using plastic surgery methods.
Excisional Surgery
physician uses a scalpel to remove the entire growth, along with a surrounding border of apparently normal skin as a safety margin. The wound around the surgical site is then closed with sutures (stitches). The excised tissue is then sent to the laboratory for microscopic examination to verify that all cancerous cells have been removed. The accepted cure rate for primary tumors with this technique is about 92 percent. This rate drops to 77 percent for recurrent squamous cell carcinomas.Curettage and Electrodesiccation (Electrosurgery)
The growth is scraped off with a curette, and burning heat produced by an electrocautery needle destroys residual tumor and controls bleeding. This procedure is typically repeated a few times, a deeper layer of tissue being scraped and burned each time to help ensure that no tumor cells remain. It can produce cure rates approaching those of surgical excision for superficially invasive squamous cell carcinomas without high-risk characteristics. However, it is not considered as effective for more invasive, aggressive squamous cell carcinomas or those in high-risk or difficult sites, such as the eyelids, genitalia, lips and ears.
Cryosurgery
The physician destroys the tumor tissue by freezing it with liquid nitrogen, using a cotton-tipped applicator or spray device. There is no cutting or bleeding, and no anesthesia is required. The procedure may be repeated several times at the same session to help ensure destruction of all malignant cells. The growth becomes crusted and scabbed, and usually falls off within weeks. Redness, swelling, blistering and crusting can occur following treatment, and in dark-skinned patients, some pigment may be lost. Inexpensive and easy to administer, cryosurgery may be the treatment of choice for patients with bleeding disorders or intolerance to anesthesia. However, it has a lower overall cure rate than the surgical methods. Depending on the physician's expertise, the 5-year cure rate can be 95 percent or higher with selected, generally superficial squamous cell carcinoma; but cryosurgery is not often used today for invasive squamous cell carcinoma because deeper portions of the tumor may be missed and because scar tissue at the cryotherapy site might obscure a recurrence.
Radiation
X-ray beams are directed at the tumor, with no need for cutting or anesthesia. Destruction of the tumor usually requires a series of treatments, administered several times a week for one to four weeks, or sometimes daily for one month. Cure rates range widely, from about 85 to 95 percent, and the technique can involve long-term cosmetic problems and radiation risks, as well as multiple visits. For these reasons, this therapy is mainly used for tumors that are hard to treat surgically, as well as patients for whom surgery is not advised, such as the elderly or those in poor health

Treatments For Skin Cancer Skin Cancer Pictures Moles Symptoms Sings On Face Spots On Nose Photos Types Pics Wallpapers Pics